Metformin is a widely used medication for the management of type 2 diabetes. It helps to control blood sugar levels by improving the way the body handles insulin. While metformin is generally well-tolerated, it does come with some potential side effects.
Common Side Effects of Metformin
These side effects are usually mild and often resolve over time:
- Gastrointestinal issues:
- These are the most common and include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, flatulence, indigestion, and abdominal discomfort. Taking metformin with meals can help minimize these effects.
- Metallic taste in the mouth:
- Some people may experience a strange taste while on the medication.
Less Common but More Serious Side Effects
These side effects are less common but may be more serious:
- Vitamin B12 deficiency:
- Long-term use of metformin can decrease the absorption of vitamin B12, potentially leading to anemia and other related symptoms. Monitoring levels and supplementation may be necessary.
- Lactic acidosis:
- Although very rare, this is a serious and potentially fatal condition associated with the buildup of lactic acid in the blood. It is more likely to occur in patients with kidney issues, liver problems, or severe dehydration, and in those who consume excessive amounts of alcohol.
Special Considerations
- Hypoglycemia:
- While metformin itself usually does not cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), when taken in combination with other diabetes medications or insulin, the risk increases. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include shakiness, sweating, confusion, and headache.
- Weight changes:
- Metformin may lead to minor weight loss in some people, which is generally seen as a beneficial side effect.
Patients are advised to monitor for symptoms of side effects, especially gastrointestinal issues and signs of lactic acidosis, which include muscle pain, feeling cold, difficulty breathing, dizziness, and a slow or irregular heartbeat. It’s important to consult a healthcare provider immediately if these serious side effects occur. Regular follow-up with the healthcare provider is also essential to monitor the effectiveness and any adverse effects of the treatment with metformin.