A naevus, more commonly known as a mole, is a common skin lesion that results from a cluster of pigmented cells. Moles are usually benign but can sometimes develop into skin cancer.
Causes:
- Genetics: Moles can be genetically determined and present at birth (congenital naevi).
- Sun Exposure: Increased sun exposure, especially in childhood, can lead to the development of more moles.
- Hormonal Changes: Changes during puberty and pregnancy can increase the number and darkness of moles.
Diagnosis:
- Visual Examination: Moles are usually round or oval with a smooth surface, and they can be flat or raised. They typically have a uniform color.
- Dermoscopy: A tool that provides magnification and illumination for a more detailed examination of skin lesions.
- Skin Biopsy: Recommended if there are signs that the mole might be malignant (changing in size, shape, color, or becoming symptomatic).
Differential Diagnosis:
- Melanoma: A dangerous form of skin cancer that can initially look like a mole.
- Seborrheic Keratosis: Benign skin growths that are more common in older adults.
- Dysplastic Nevus: Atypical moles that may be larger and have irregular and uneven coloring.
- Basal Cell Carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that begins in the basal cells.
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that forms in the squamous cells.
Management of Benign Naevi:
- Monitoring: Regular monitoring for changes in size, shape, color, or symptoms like itching or bleeding.
- Sun Protection: Using sunscreen and wearing protective clothing to reduce the risk of malignant transformation.
- Avoiding Irritation: Not picking or scratching moles.
Management of Suspicious or Atypical Naevi:
- Biopsy: A sample of the tissue may be removed and examined under a microscope.
- Surgical Removal: If a mole is suspected to be malignant or if it’s atypical, removal might be necessary.
- Regular Skin Examinations: Especially important for individuals with a history of atypical naevi or melanoma.
Follow-up:
Individuals with numerous moles, atypical moles, or a personal or family history of skin cancer should have regular skin checks by a healthcare professional.
Prevention and early detection are key in managing naevi, especially given the risk of melanoma. Any changes in a mole’s appearance or new symptoms should prompt a medical consultation.