Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)
- Summary: Caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, found in soil and water. It’s more common in tropical and subtropical regions, including northern Australia. Transmission can occur through direct contact with contaminated soil or water, especially through skin abrasions, inhalation of contaminated dust or water droplets, and less commonly, ingestion of contaminated water.
- Symptoms: Melioidosis presents with a wide range of symptoms depending on the site of infection. It can cause pneumonia, abscesses, septicemia, and chronic suppurative infections. The symptoms can include high fever, cough, chest pain, weight loss, muscle and joint pain, headache, and seizures. It can be asymptomatic or cause mild symptoms in some cases.
- Treatment: The treatment for melioidosis is prolonged and involves two phases: an intensive phase involving intravenous antibiotics such as ceftazidime or meropenem, followed by an eradication phase with oral antibiotics like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The total duration of therapy can range from several months up to a year, depending on the severity and site of infection.
Melioidosis is a serious infection and can be fatal, especially in people with underlying health conditions like diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or chronic lung disease. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a good outcome. Preventive measures include avoiding direct contact with soil and standing water, especially after heavy rains, in areas where the bacteria are endemic.