Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used medications for pain relief, inflammation reduction, and fever management. They are widely used for conditions like arthritis, menstrual cramps, headaches, and various other aches and pains. However, NSAIDs can cause a range of side effects, particularly when used regularly or in high doses. Common side effects of NSAIDs include:
- Gastrointestinal Issues: One of the most common side effects is gastrointestinal distress, which can range from mild indigestion and heartburn to severe complications like gastric ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding. This is due to the inhibition of COX-1 enzyme, which protects the stomach lining.
- Increased Risk of Bleeding: NSAIDs can inhibit platelet aggregation, leading to an increased risk of bleeding, particularly if combined with other medications that also increase bleeding risk, such as anticoagulants.
- Cardiovascular Risks: Long-term or high-dose use of some NSAIDs has been associated with an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. This risk may vary depending on the specific NSAID and the individual’s underlying cardiovascular risk factors.
- Kidney Damage: NSAIDs can affect kidney function, leading to fluid retention, elevated blood pressure, and in some cases, acute kidney injury, especially in individuals with pre-existing kidney disease or those taking certain other medications.
- Hypersensitivity Reactions: Some people may experience allergic reactions, including skin rashes, asthma exacerbation, or more severe reactions like anaphylaxis, particularly in those with aspirin sensitivity or nasal polyps.
- Elevation of Blood Pressure: NSAIDs can lead to an increase in blood pressure, which is a particular concern for individuals with hypertension.
- Headaches and Dizziness: Although used to treat headaches, NSAIDs can also cause headaches and dizziness in some people.
- Ringing in the Ears (Tinnitus): Particularly with high doses of aspirin, one of the oldest NSAIDs.
- Liver Damage: Rarely, NSAIDs can cause liver enzyme elevations and, in severe cases, liver damage.
- Fluid Retention and Edema: NSAIDs can cause the body to retain fluid, leading to edema, especially in the lower extremities.